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| c. 5000 BC |
| | The Sahara, damp enough for the hippopotamus, supports neolithic communities until it begins to dry up in about 3000 BC | |
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| c. 2000 BC |
| | Bantu-speaking tribes begin to spread through Africa, from their original homelands south of the Sahara | |
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| c. 2000 BC |
| | Africa south of the equatorial forests is largely inhabited by the Khoisan, of whom the San and the Hottentots are the modern survivors | |
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| from 323 BC |
| | The spread of Greek rule by Alexander introduces the Hellenistic age, which will last for three centuries | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | The salt mines of the Sahara provide a staple commodity in the African caravan trade | |
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| c. 1050 |
| | Islam reaches Kanem-Bornu, a joint kingdom encompassing the eastern and western shores of Lake Chad | |
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| c. 1480 |
| | An increase in trade through the central Sahara benefits the Songhay, with their capital at Gao, at the expense of Mali | |
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| 1483 |
| | The Portuguese establish a further presence on the west coast of Africa, at the mouth of the Congo river | |
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